Hobbes vs. Thoreau

Thomas Hobbes’ book, Leviathan and Henry David Thoreau’s exposition, Resistance to Civil Government couldn't be increasingly contradicted with regards to taking a gander at the implicit understanding from a political way of thinking perspective. From one perspective, Hobbes keeps up that humanity’s most extreme commitment is to submit oneself to the authority of the sovereign state. Thoreau, then again, contends that under explicit conditions, it is humanity’s obligation is to oppose the state. This paper will contend that Hobbes doesn't prevail with regards to building up our commitment to submit to the sovereign’s authority.Instead it is Thoreau whom is right that in specific conditions we are obliged to oppose the State. The two primary issues with Hobbes’ thinking in Leviathan in regards to the sovereign position originate from his clarifications of the Laws of Nature and the intensity of the administration. In Thoreau’s Resistance to Civil Government, these two issues are all the more satisfactorily tended to. Before building up the reasons why Thoreau’s sees on the commitments of the resident to the state are more right than Hobbes’, it ought to be noticed that Thoreau’s paper, Resistance to Civil Government was distributed 198 years after Leviathan.While Hobbes composed Leviathan during the English Civil War, Thoreau composed Resistance to Civil Government as an abolitionist during the hour of the subjection emergency in New England and the Mexican-American war. Subsequently the distinctions in social setting of the two works are uncommon. Not exclusively was Leviathan viewed as probably the most punctual work containing implicit understanding hypothesis, Hobbes himself is viewed as one of the key figures in the English Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason.This setting inside which Hobbes flourished, and inside which Leviathan was distributed is noteworthy, in light of the fact that the philosophical strategy whereupon Hobbes based Leviathan is designed according to a geometric evidence, established upon first standards and built up definitions. In this model, every contention makes ends dependent on the past contention. Hobbes needed to deliver unquestionable political way of thinking in Leviathan by making a model dependent on geometry since ends that are inferred by geometry should be indisputable.However Hobbes’ book is a long way from undeniable, and quite a bit of its rationale isn't totally stable. This is obvious in various models, yet most unmistakable are the Laws of Nature and the intensity of the administration. So as to more readily clarify why Hobbes doesn't totally prevail with regards to building up the commitment individuals need to submit to the sovereign’s authority, a short synopsis of Leviathan is fundamental. In Leviathan, Hobbes sets out on an investigation of human instinct, which in the long run drives him to the end that an absolutist state, where all force exists in the possession of the sovereign power, is necessary.The reason that Hobbes feels absolutism is important is the thing that he alludes to as the ‘state of nature’. The condition of nature is utilized to clarify the intrinsic characteristics in man that causes him to carry on the manner in which he does, outside of the limits and cutoff points forced by social law. For Hobbes, the condition of nature comprises of narrow minded men who will definitely go to brutality in their journey to fulfill their own childish needs. Subsequently, on the grounds that all individuals are innately rough in the condition of nature, all are additionally equivalent on the grounds that no individual is above or less equipped for savagery than anybody else.To the contention that some are truly more grounded than others, Hobbes counters that even the individuals who are more grounded are as yet helpless when dozing. Along these lines, however all are similarly vicious, all are additionally similarly powerless. Be that as it may, man is likewise discerning, thus because of this weakness, man’s childish want to guarantee his own life to the exclusion of everything else, will lead them to place their confidence into the implicit understanding. The premise whereupon the implicit understanding is made essential, as it were, the condition of nature, is the thing that eventually creates the Leviathan.Hobbes accepts that so as to make sure about their own lives, individuals will naturally present the entirety of their opportunity under the control of the sovereign’s authority. One of the main parts of Hobbes’ work that sabotages his, for the most part legitimately solid Leviathan, concerns the Laws of Nature. Hobbes appears to assume that all the individuals in a solitary state would concur with each other to present the entirety of their capacity to one definitive element, on the premise that they will ack nowledge it is to the greatest advantage of their security.As teacher Ian Johnston says, â€Å"If people resemble sheep, I don't perceive any reason why they need a ruler; if individuals resemble wolves, I don't perceive how they will endure a ruler. † If, as Hobbes proposes, the condition of nature is political agitation, at that point what part of nature drives all individuals to shape a region? In this regard, apparently Hobbes negates himself, for he broadcasts that man is brutish, vicious, and just worried about personal circumstance, anyway he is likewise sensible enough to frame a social ontract in which his own straightforwardness and large living is made sure about. Considering the last attributes of man that Hobbes portrays, where man is sufficiently sound to take an interest in such an implicit understanding, the need of submitting oneself altogether to the sovereign authority is unwarranted and excessively extraordinary. The subsequent fundamental issue with Levia than concerns the intensity of the administration. Hobbes neglects to clarify why individuals would believe a position comprised of others, the same as themselves.If each individual realizes that their own inborn brutality and childishness is what requires all out principle by a legitimate figure, would they not question the power, accepting that the corruptness within them reaches out to said authority also? Hobbes doesn't appear to consider this issue worth a lot top to bottom thought, for he doesn't accept that the sovereign authority could ever placed the individuals in a circumstance where they have to guard themselves from the overseeing powers. As indicated by Hobbes, the state will stay effective in light of the fact that it perceives its reliance upon crafted by the citizens.In Hobbes’ words, â€Å"the private intrigue is the equivalent with people in general. The wealth, influence, and respect of a ruler emerge just from the wealth, quality and notoriety of his sub jects. For no lord can be rich, nor magnificent, nor secure, whose subjects are either poor, or wretched, or too powerless through need, or dissention, to keep up a war against their adversaries. †Ã‚ However, the outcomes on a person’s capacity to deliver riches for a nation isn't the main worry for a state where all the influence rests inside the hands of a sovereign authority.Hobbes answer doesn't venture any further into the good or human privileges of the residents, which are significantly more defenseless against being encroached upon in an absolutist state. Hobbes fails to address this since he accepts that the state would not assault these rights dependent on the way that it would conceivably deliver confusion, which is the specific inverse of what the sovereign authority is intended to do. Plainly for Hobbes, the threats of a domineering sovereign are more engaging than the nonappearance of any sovereign, or as it were, a general public left to the province of n ature.While having some type of government, rather than widespread brutality, is ideal, it is superfluous for the residents to give up all opportunity to the authority of the sovereign, as Hobbes proposes. It would have been inconceivable for Hobbes to anticipate the political development of present day states. Anyway his portrayal of the advantages of the absolutist state allude to current instances of states where all the force has been moved into a solitary, sovereign power, prompting the outrageous defilement that Hobbes trusted it would eradicate.The twentieth century is loaded with instances of this; anyway one that especially epitomizes the threats of all out accommodation to the state is Fascist Italy, administered completely by Benito Mussolini from the mid 1920s to the mid 1940s. Rather than supporting the state and its kin, Mussolini made a deception of what the benefit of everyone truly was, so as to uphold his own, supreme force. This lead to a noteworthy lessening in s ecurity and loss of numerous human lives, which appears to demonstrate that presenting all capacity to the state, can lead individuals again into Hobbes’ ‘state of nature’, rather than out of it.While Hobbes’ underwriting of absolutism may have honorable focuses on humankind, when taken a gander at from its basic and natural goals, regularly absolutism brings about the savage authorizing of rules or philosophies upon individuals, which is in itself lost security, and type of coldhearted confusion. In a response to the uncontrolled bondage in America during the nineteenth century and the Mexican-American war, Thoreau composed the article Resistance to Civil Government, wanting to urge individuals to believe their own hearts over the standard of the law upheld by the government.Thoreau accepts that keeps an eye on best support of one’s own nation incomprehensibly appears as obstruction against it, in the event that one feels that the administration is supporting out of line or corrupt laws. Undermining to the legislature, regardless, or out of the need of commitment is to the hindrance of the state and society, as indicated by Thoreau. Rather, it is smarter to work to construct a superior one in the long haul, regardless of whether that implies turmoil or rebellion as unrest n the short-term.Though Thoreau’s sees appear to be significantly more current than Hobbes, Thoreau questions the viability of majority rules system, or rather the change of a legislature from inside the administration. Accepting that casting a ballot and requesting of for change to be wasteful, Thoreau feels that one can't genuinely observe the administration for what it is the point at which one is working with it, and consequently one additionally can't impact change when worki

Documents of American History Essay

John Adams is a significant figure throughout the entire existence of this nation at the most significant time in its history: the hour of its introduction to the world. He is a transcending figure in American History and his achievements address securing the privileges of his kindred men, regardless of whether those men were British troopers blamed for shooting Americans similar to the case with the Boston Massacre of 1770. John Adams filled in as priest to France in 1777 when around then, the pioneers gravely required French mediation on the off chance that they at any point would have liked to win the American Revolution. Adams additionally had a contributing job in America’s Declaration of Independence as he was a vocal individual from the Continental Congress. Adams likewise composed the Massachusetts State Constitution, including its Bill of Rights. The entirety of the previously mentioned address the affection for opportunity and the assurance of these rights to which Adams talked so beyond all doubt. So then why during the twentieth century, was Adams nearly attacked contrasted with his companion and one time adversary Thomas Jefferson? It is impossible to miss how History appears to favor one side more than one issue of attacks or lauds one individual over his genuine job in life.â Both Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln delighted in such a respect during the last 50% of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth. Recently, when it is practically sure, that Jefferson fathered offspring of a blended variety, yet still possessed 200 slaves one after another, when Adams addressed the liberation of subjection, does the playing field become increasingly level. This is particularly evident with David McCullough’s book John Adams, which really started a Congressional knowledge into the significance of John Adams and a reexamining by the American open, talked about the inheritance of a man who was indispensable to the endurance of this new investigation called the American Republic. Adams is attacked in a specific way for two activities: compelling his harshness over the loss of the 1800 political decision, not to welcome the approaching President just like the custom now, and the feared Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 which appalled Thomas Jefferson and helped lead to the one time closest companions, not to address each other for an additional twelve years. Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson will be always connected together in American history. The second and third leaders of The United States and one time closest companions, who later became political adversaries and has the qualification of kicking the bucket around the same time; the 50 commemoration of the marking of the Declaration of Independence, were monsters in the journey for American Independence. John Adams, twice, filled in as a negotiator to France both during the American Revolution just as in the years quickly following the war. â€Å"Both Jefferson and Adams were significant occasions since students of history later hailed French association in the American Revolution as what helped reversed the situation of the war in the kindness of the colonists.† (McCullough, 2001 p. 322) And as the war was approaching its end, John Adams composed his state’s Constitution just as its Bill of Rights. This Constitution, more than some other of now is the ideal time, extended these rights, to a more noteworthy degree than had been seen already. Adams was instrumental in securing the opportunity of African Americans, who in Jefferson’s Virginia, would keep on being slaves or live in slave like conditions well after the finish of the Civil War and regardless of the entry of the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth Amendments. Yet, it would not be until the twentieth century that such incongruities were given their appropriate consideration. â€Å"But it would be the entry of the 1798 Alien and Sedition Act that would astound and incense each one of those that had been a piece of the development of the Constitution’s Bill of Rights in 1791 and explicitly, the first change which ensured, among others, a person’s right of free speech.† (Burns, 1997) This significance has been extended throughout the years however then just as now, its first utilization was to secure one who reprimanded the administration, from backlash. The 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts appeared to come as an unmistakable difference to this generally hallowed of rights inside the American Constitution. It stated: â€Å"That if any people will unlawfully join or plan together, with aim to restrict any measure or proportions of the administration of the United States, which are or will be coordinated by appropriate power, or to hinder the activity of any law of the United States†¦ Shall be rebuffed by a fine not surpassing $5,000 or a term in jail between five months to six years.† (Commanger, 1947 p. 177) This Act would later be canceled uniquely to come around again in 1918 during WWI. Be that as it may, such measures, frightened Thomas Jefferson and accordingly, composed alongside his companion James Madison, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions which were in direct reaction to the Sedition Acts and depicted the further split between the Federalist and Democratic Parties, made considerably more extensive by the individu al disagreement brought about by Adams and Jefferson. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions expressed that: â€Å"no control over opportunity of religion, the right to speak freely of discourse, or opportunity of the press being designated by theâ United States by the Constitution, nor disallowed by it to the states, every single legitimate force regarding the equivalent did of right remain, and were held to the States, or to the people.† (Commanger, 1947 p. 179) This implied Jefferson, continually doubting of large government and in accordance with his faith in states’ rights, declared that the central government had no locale in implementing the Alien and Sedition Acts just as the way that such limitations on human opportunity was in express logical inconsistency to the Constitution and the beliefs in which the American Revolution was battled in any case. Each and every individual who had been bolted up or fined under the Alien and Sedition Act was either liberated or repaid by the central government alongside composed expressions of remorse when Thomas Jefferson took over as President in March of 1801.The fight among Jefferson and Adams, made considerably bigger by the offensiveness of the 1800 Presidential political race, went on until 1812, when both were out of open office. Jefferson began a correspondence with Adams in what might get one of the most impactful and heart filled bits of American writing. The two of them thought back about their time together, trusting that this analysis in human majority rules system called the United States was really going to work or not. Conciliatory sentiments were not given but instead lament that so much time has been lost to two individuals that were so critical to the country just as to one another, were communicated in the correspondence. What's more, what must be probably the best incident in American history, two monsters of American opportunity who didn't generally try to do they said others should do; Adams’ authorization of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and Jefferson specifically possessing in excess of 200 slaves for the vast majority of his lifetime, yet at the same time answerable for the extension of human rights in America, kicked the bucket on the 50th commemoration of the marking of the Declaration of Independence. Each kicked the bucket while saying that the other despite everything lives. They were both right in that regard. Â

Why Is My Addicted Loved One Always Telling Lies

Why Is My Addicted Loved One Always Telling Lies Addiction Addictive Behaviors Print Why Addicts Lie Even to Loved Ones By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on June 29, 2019 Howard Kingsnorth / Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Caffeine Internet Shopping Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Addicts lie to cover up their addictive behavior for a variety of reasons, so dont take it personally. Here are some of the reasons why addicts compulsively lie and how you can try to deal with this behavior effectively. Addicts Lie to Avoid Confrontation Addicts often want to avoid confrontation because theyve used their addictive behavior as a coping strategy for so long, they often dont have other well-developed ways of dealing with the stresses of life. When tackling a difficult topic, try to stay matter-of-fact about it. Use language to reflect your own perspective, rather than blaming the addict. People With Addictions Don’t Like Forced Change Addicts tend to have a stubborn streak.  They know their behavior isn’t in anyone’s best interests, especially their own, but have decided it works for them, and they are sticking to it. Eventually, addicts can and do change when they realize the consequences of their behavior will continue to worsen unless they do something different. Addicts often lie about the extent of their addictive behavior, because they want to avoid you pressuring them to change. Try to provide information that might influence the addict in your life to make up their own mind to change, instead of trying to persuade them to change. Addicts Want to Escape Negativity Addicts often see their behavior as a kind of holding pattern, hoping things will work themselves out and the addiction will disappear. They dont want you to remind them about the negative aspects of their behavior, especially if it is in a blaming way. When an addict feels constantly criticized by loved ones they lie to cover up their behavior. Try to focus on what will be better if things change, not what will be worse if they don’t. Loved Ones Enable Lying You know your loved one just lied because you know what really happened. But for some reason, you allow them to lie without letting them know that you know. This sends one of two messages: You told a lie and I didn’t notice â€" so if you lie again, I might not notice next time either.You told a lie and I did notice, but I’m pretending to believe you â€" so if you lie again, I’ll pretend I believe you that time as well. In this case, either avoid discussing the subject completely  or simply state what you know happened, rather than going along with the lie. Life Without Addiction Can Seem Like a Void An addicts life revolves around their addictive behavior. Although they plan to quit “one day,” for today, life without their addiction seems frighteningly empty. If you don’t understand how this emptiness drives people back into their addictive behavior, they will tune in to that, and lie to shut you up. Mention in a kind and positive way what you would like to see happening instead of the addictive behavior, preferably before the addictive behavior becomes part of your routine. Addicts Feel Ashamed Addictions often make the people around them behave in ways that cause them embarrassment and regret. When you point this out, they lie to avoid feeling ashamed. Going along with an addicts lie is a form of enabling that may avoid outward embarrassment but will do nothing to relieve your loved one’s inner emotional pain.

Personal Statement On Personal Inventory Assessment Essay

This paper delves into certain insights I have in my personal and professional life. Personality, values, and motivation are a few of the items you will learn about me and my insights into these areas. Insights are a powerful item to use in an understanding or yourself, and how you engage in certain areas of your life. Secondly, we will examine how well I work with others in the workplace, and my personal activities. Discussion will consist of communication, leadership, and conflict skills, and how I am suited to handle situations when dealing with others. Thirdly, I will decipher how I handle life in organizations. Structure, change, and stress will be the main talking points in this area. Lastly, discussion will be focused on how the Holy Spirit has worked, and is still working in my life to transform my weaknesses into strengths. Becoming a better leader, follower, and employee helps if you understand your insights and where you can focus on bettering yourself. Project 2: Personal Inventory Assessment Step 1: Personal Assessment Part I: What About Me? Type A personality is part of who I am but it does not consume me to hinder my performance. Competitive nature is where my score was the highest. â€Å"They like to know that the way they are doing something is better than it has been done before, or it is better than their coworkers† (MyManagementLab, n.d.). Competitiveness is crucial, and I always strive to make a process superior than before, and always aim toShow MoreRelatedAssessment And Mental Health Professionals859 Words   |  4 PagesRoy Macias Psych 215 14 AUG 2015 Homework 3: Assessment and Mental Health Professionals In chapter 3 of Ronald J. Comer’s book, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, it explains and defines the importance of the assessment of a client. Along with other topics, it explains many factors and objectives of diagnosis and treatment of clients. The first topic is the importance and purpose of psychological assessment. In order to know what the client is going through, the clinician must know backgroundRead MorePersonal Values Paper1059 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Value Alignment with KFF Paper Mgt 521, University of Phoenix Leonard Van McLendon August 30, 2010 Niraj Kohli, Instructor The purpose of this paper is to identify my personal values in order to determine how my values align with the values of KFF and how this alignment would affect my performance as a manager at KFF. According to the Jungian Personality assessment my personality is that of an ENTJ which It calls as The Executive. It defines me as a natural bornRead MoreManagement Personal Reflection Paper1631 Words   |  7 Pagesutilizing assessments such as the Myers Briggs Personal Style Inventory, Helping OB assessment, and Emotional Intelligence OB assessment, we can begin to focus on these aspects of our personality and use them to our advantage. Using these specific assessment tools, I will look at my results and analyze them to identify my personal abilities and faults. Furthermore, I will take this analysis and describe how I can use these results in the workplace. Myers Briggs Personal Style Inventory Analysis Read MoreHistory of Psychological Assessment Paper1129 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT History of Psychological Assessment Paper Natalie Maxwell University of Phoenix Dr. Alex Nagurney October 25, 2010 History of Psychological Assessment What is psychological assessment? Psychological assessment is considered one of the most important functions in applied psychology. In psychological assessment, the practitioner uses observation, interviews, and psychological tests to gain information about the client’s personality characteristicsRead MoreMy Caring Science Rather Than A Medical Curing Science1295 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves and the patient. 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I especially feel they could be useful to high school seniors in their decision of whether they want to attend a four year college, two year college, technical training program or go right into the workforce. At this very young age most will not know what they want to do for the rest of their lives and many may not realize they may changeRead MoreDescription And Background Of Finman Account Management802 Words   |  4 PagesISO 27002: Information Technology Security Techniques, Code of Practice for Information Security Management and NIST 800-53: Guide for Assessing the Security Controls in Federal Information Systems and Organ izations - Building Effective Security Assessment Plans are utilized to apply industry standards to: Asset Management (Domain 7) manage third-party access to company data (15.1.3); monitor third-party for security compliance; ensure the SLA meets statutory, regulatory, and contractual securityRead MoreInternal And External Factors Of Role Stress1510 Words   |  7 Pageslaunching stage. In the interviews reported in Brown and Olshansky’s work the participants report role strain. Evidence for this occurs in participant statements such as, â€Å"I have this profound insecurity...and I feel like I m faking it.† This indicates the internal angst of perceived incompetence. Role stress is also supported by participant statements, such as â€Å"I m the one who holds up the clinic,† that demonstrate the external stressors applied to new NPs. The authors’ conclusions also support

Against School How Public Education Educates Our Kids,...

In the attempt to persuade his readers in â€Å"Against School: How public education cripples our kids, and why†, John Gatto relied on his passion for education to express his thoughts. Having a bad experience as a teacher in our current school system, he believes that our system isn’t what it should be. He believes that our kids aren’t being educated. With the use of frequent rhetorical questions, personal experiences, and an appeal to ethos using other respectable men’s work, Gatto clarified his points about our schools in the America. Gatto informs us that he himself was a teacher for about 30 years. In those 3 decades, he â€Å"became an expert in boredom.† He believes boredom is everywhere in the classroom. When asking his students, â€Å"Why they†¦show more content†¦We could encourage the best qualities of youthfulness - curiosity, adventure, resilience, the capacity for surprising insight - simply by being more flexible about time, texts, and tests, by introducing kids to truly competent adults, and by giving each student what autonomy he or she needs in order to take a risk every now and then† (Gatto 4). To furthermore explain his reasoning, he rhetorically questioned his own hypothesis of there being a problem in our system. â€Å"What if there is no problem with our schools? What if they are the way they are, so expensively flying in the face of common sense and long experience in how children learn things, not because they are doing something wrong but because they are doing something right? Is it possible that George W. Bush accidentally spoke the truth when he said we would leave no child behind? Could it be that our schools are designed to make sure not one of them ever really grows up† (Gatto 5). â€Å"Do we really need school† is the question he asks the reader. By doing this he made the reader rethink about the compulsory schooling students have to go through to be â€Å"success ful† in life. Gatto questions why we have to go to school, â€Å"six classes a day, five days a week, nine months a year, for twelveShow MoreRelatedAgainst School By John Taylor Gatto1317 Words   |  6 Pages Some people believe education enslaves us and other people believe education liberates us. The education that students receive is both boring and incorrect; in the Oxford dictionary it defined education, â€Å"a process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university†. I strongly believe education enslaves us. Schools don’t educate, they only teach people to follow orders. 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An advice leaflet for teenagers on how to lead a healthier lifestyle Free Essays

To start with, if you want to look good and stay fit, you should exercise and eat a healthy and balanced diet. Today, 25% of the world’s population are dying from heart disease which is caused by fat blocking the artery which carries blood that goes to the heart and that’s how people die. You can stop this problem by exercising. We will write a custom essay sample on An advice leaflet for teenagers on how to lead a healthier lifestyle or any similar topic only for you Order Now What good will this do to you? Well, when you run or do any sort of exercise, your body will burn the fat and make you feel lighter. You can argue with me that fat is needed for keeping you warm in the winter. True, but it’s needed in limited amounts. If you exercise, it exercises not only your body but also your heart and will also control your breathing rate. Secondly, you should eat a balanced diet. That is eat carbohydrates: bread, cornflakes, wheat etc. more every day to give you energy to start your day; vitamins and minerals- fruit and veg to boost up your immune system: defence for your body to protect you against harmful diseases and fats and oils for storage and warmth in your body- e.g. chocolate. You should also eat proteins e.g. egg for growth and repair of cells. Thirdly, you should get out, cycle or play football with your friends and feel the fresh, clean and pure breeze rushing on to your face and making you feel refreshed. It also gives you a break from study and calms your mind from stress. You should at least go out for an hour every day. So overall what I am trying to do is to get you all to agree with me that you should exercise, get outside and feel the fresh air and eat a balanced diet for your healthy lifestyle, healthy body and healthy mind. Pictures to fit the above points: An unfit body: A fit body: Let’s see what you have learned. Fill in the quick quiz below: 1. What do you need in order to have a healthy diet? 2. What do you need to do in order to remain fit? 3. What does going outside to play etc. do to you? Submit your answers no later than Tuesday 7th February 2011 on this address: 12, Fitchburg province, Tennessee, US 00345 Website- www.healthyadvicemagazine.com How to cite An advice leaflet for teenagers on how to lead a healthier lifestyle, Papers

Effects of Capitalism on African Economics free essay sample

This paper is an in-depth study of how capitalism has affected African-Americans since the times of slavery. The paper studies the effects of capitalism on African economics through history. It studies capitalism in connection with slavery and then moves on to economic issues affecting the African-Americans of today. It also studies the effects of capitalism on the economic situation of the Africans of Cuba. Finally, conclusions are made about the effects of capitalism on the African race. The English colonialism is considered responsible for the promotion of the Atlantic trade and slave plantation system. The profits of slavery were mainly to serve the English economy. Englands sole economic position helped the establishment of these colonies. The capitalist transformation of agriculture assisted in creating land less laborers that was available in the form of wage labor in England. The transformation of the English economy assisted in introducing a market for the new goods in these colonies. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Capitalism on African Economics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Earlier, this labor was based on wages and applied in the new plantations in Barbados and elsewhere. British emigrants were contracted to work as servants for plantation for a specific time after which they were set free to seek other jobs.

Ovarian Cancer Essays (3988 words) - Gynaecological Cancer, RTT

Ovarian Cancer Of all gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer continues to have the highest mortality and is the most difficult to diagnose. In the United States female population, ovarian cancer ranks fifth in absolute mortality among cancer related deaths (13,000/yr). In most reported cases, ovarian cancer, when first diagnosed is in stages III or IV in about 60 to 70% of patients which further complicates treatment of the disease (Barber, 3). Early detection in ovarian cancer is hampered by the lack of appropriate tumor markers and clinically, most patients fail to develop significant symptoms until they reach advanced stage disease. The characteristics of ovarian cancer have been studied in primary tumors and in established ovarian tumor cell lines which provide a reproducible source of tumor material. Among the major clinical problems of ovarian cancer, malignant progression, rapid emergence of drug resistance, and associated cross-resistance remain unresolved. Ovarian cancer has a high frequency of metastasis yet generally remains localized within the peritoneal cavity. Tumor development has been associated with aberrant, dysfunctional expression and/or mutation of various genes. This can include oncogene overexpression, amplification or mutation, aberrant tumor suppressor expression or mutation. Also, subversion of host antitumor immune responses may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer (Sharp, 77). Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma was first described by Peham in 1899 as "hypernephroma of the ovary" because of its resemblance to renal cell carcinoma. By 1939, Schiller noted a histologic similarity to mesonephric tubules and classified these tumors as "mesonephromas." In 1944, Saphir and Lackner described two cases of "hypernephroid carcinoma of the ovary" and proposed "clear cell" adenocarcinoma as an alternative term. Clear cell tumors of the ovary are now generally considered to be of mullerian and in the genital tract of mullerian origin. A number of examples of clear cell adenocarcinoma have been reported to arise from the epithelium of an endometriotic cyst (Yoonessi, 289). Occasionally, a renal cell carcinoma metastasizes to the ovary and may be confused with a primary clear cell adenocarcinoma. Ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (OCCA) has been recognized as a distinct histologic entity in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of ovarian tumors since 1973 and is the most lethal ovarian neoplasm with an overall five year survival of only 34% (Kennedy, 342). Clear cell adenocarcinoma, like most ovarian cancers, originates from the ovarian epithelium which is a single layer of cells found on the surface of the ovary. Patients with ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma are typically above the age of 30 with a median of 54 which is similar to that of ovarian epithelial cancer in general. OCCA represents approximately 6% of ovarian cancers and bilateral ovarian involvement occurs in less that 50% of patients even in advanced cases. The association of OCCA and endometriosis is well documented (De La Cuesta, 243). This was confirmed by Kennedy et al who encountered histologic or intraoperative evidence of endometriosis in 45% of their study patients. Transformation from endometriosis to clear cell adenocarcinoma has been previously demonstrated in sporadic cases but was not observed by Kennedy et al. Hypercalcemia occurs in a significant percentage of patients with OCCA. Patients with advanced disease are more typically affected than patients with nonmetastatic disease. Patients with OCCA are also more likely to have Stage I disease than are patients with ovarian epithelial cancer in general (Kennedy, 348). Histologic grade has been useful as an initial prognostic determinant in some studies of epithelial cancers of the ovary. The grading of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma has been problematic and is complicated by the multiplicity of histologic patterns found in the same tumor. Similar problems have been found in attempted grading of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (Disaia, 176). Despite these problems, tumor grading has been attempted but has failed to demonstrate prognostic significance. However, collected data suggest that low mitotic activity and a predominance of clear cells may be favorable histologic features (Piver, 136). Risk factors for OCCA and ovarian cancer in general are much less clear than for other genital tumors with general agreement on two risk factors: nulliparity and family history. There is a higher frequency of carcinoma in unmarried women and in married women with low parity. Gonadal dysgenesis in children is associated with a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer while oral contraceptives are associated with a decreased risk. Genetic and candidate host genes may be altered in susceptible families. Among those currently under investigation is BRCA1 which has been associated with an increased susceptibility to breast cancer. Approximately 30% of ovarian adenocarcinomas express high levels of HER-2/neu oncogene which correlates with a poor prognosis (Altcheck, 375-376).

Racism in Film Essays

Racism in Film Essays Racism in Film Essay Racism in Film Essay Everywhere you look you can find some type of racial stereotyping. It’s around us, in the books we read, and the films we watch. Most movies just poke fun at racial stereotyping but some movies show the harsh side of labeling a certain race. After 9/11 many people saw Middle Eastern and South Asian people as terrorists. In airports the tighter security portrayed the seriousness of the US government. However, the firmer security was only leaned toward people with specific last names, and certain nationalities would be stopped for further screenings. Another racial stereotyping present in real life and films are the arrest of dark colored men. Racial profiling against blacks have gone on for decades. The most recent reference was the Trayvon Martin case, in which a 17 year old colored teenager had a hoodie on and 27 year old Hispanic American suspected him of suspicious behavior, and shot him claiming it was self-defense. Colored people are also more likely to get stopped by the cops while driving. Men in Black II poked fun at this when in the movie, the car had a robot driver and it was a white male. Kevin Brown asks, â€Å"Does that come standard? and Agent J replies, â€Å"Actually it came with a black dude, but he kept getting pulled over. † Films usually poke fun at racial stereotyping, but some portray the harsh consequences of racial profiling. The movie American History X is about a neo Nazi group based in the United States, and how their cult discriminates Jews and colored people. Throughout the movie as told in the narration by Danny Vinyard we learn that before going to prison Derek, Danny’s older brother, was a skinhead and the leader of a violent white supremacist gang that committed acts of racial crime throughout L. A. In film, many racial profiling can be spotted. In Broadway plays, colored people were not allowed to act, thus the white males put on black make up and went on stage to play the black males or females. In the play The Scotts borough Boys the directors use the same concept of showing how racism has declined but still remains. Throughout the play the male black actors would put on black make up portraying how Broadway shows were back in the day. Near the end of the film the actors took off their make ups to show their rue self, this showed a evolution in the unity of all. It showed that people now have more rights than ever before. It shows that the minority should not be shadowed by the majority. Sometimes films don’t intentionally use racial stereotyping or if they do, they aim for a certain target audience. In a Disney movie, Aladdin, the stereotype the viewer is introduced to is the phony salesman, the bootlegger. In reality Arabs are seen as bootleggers. Some commercials have also poked fun at this racial stereotype. In Time Warner Cable ads, there portrays an Arab man trying to sell bootlegs. Also, Indians are portrayed as computer IT’s, as seen in the Metro PCs commercials. Racial profiling will always be there I believe. Even though everyone is the same on the inside, our looks separate us from one another. This separation disrupts a unity amongst us all. Thus wherever there are differences there are gaps, and whenever there are gaps, there are dislikes and oppositions, that leads to racial stereotyping.

Death penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Death penalty - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that in a world characterized by all forms of crimes, law and justice are very important aspects in the society. There are different levels of crimes. Some are civil while others are capital. Governments and religious organization dictate the course of justice to the offended and the punishment to the convicted in the society. There are various forms of justice and punishment applied by governments and religious groups. Different crimes require different punishments. Among such punishments is the death penalty. However, in also most all cases the power to prescribe a punishment rests with the courts of law that are arms of the government. Death penalty also known as capital punishment is a governments pre-meditated, and planned lawful infliction of death as a punishment to a legally convicted person. Generally, there is a decreasing tread of death penalty punishments in the recent times. American citizens, political leaders, and religious leaders have been victims of this punishment. Indeed, the numbers are significant. According to Amnesty International, most countries did not use the punishment in 2009. About two-thirds of the countries abolished the death penalty in law or in practice, while 58 countries retained the death penalty in 2009. Consequently, eighteen countries actually carried out executions, killing more than 700 people. However, these figures did not include unreported executions carried out in China. From 1976 to April 2008, execution took place on about 1,099 people in the U.S while those on the death row were 3263. According to Amnesty international, in the year 2008 there were 1718 executions in China were, 346 in Iran, 102 in Saudi Arabia, 37 in United States, 36 in Pakistan, 34 in Iraq, 19 in Vietnam, 17 in Afghanistan, 15 in North Korea and 66 in Japan and other countries. Similarly, by April 1, 2008, 37 states in the U.S were practicing death penalty. To date, the USA, Japan, s ome African states, China, many Asian and Middle Eastern countries retain the death penalty crimes (Amnesty international web). The only conclusion we can make from these statistics is that death penalty is still exists in many countries. Certainly, it is because of its effectiveness in controlling capital offences and rendering justice. The crimes that may lead to a death penalty vary from one country to another and from one religion to another. Same case applies to the methods of carrying out the execution. Some of the crimes that can warrant a death penalty are murder, treason, rape, terrorism, and even adultery in the Muslim religion. Islam law specifically outlines intentional murder, treason, adultery as crimes befitting a death penalty. Generally, in all cases, intentional murder warrants a death penalty. Hanging, stoning, firing squad and beheading are some of the execution methods that Islam recommends. Again, executions take place in public to serve as warnings to would-be criminals. Under the Islam law, enough evidence must be produced against a convict in a due court process for this penalty to be given. Since the early times, there have been debates and opinions in support and against the death penalty. In the United States, there is an equal division in relation to death penalty. Amnesty international condemns the death penalty in all cases regardless of the characteristics of the offender, nature of crime, or the method of execution. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the penalty is a denial of the right to life. It also quotes that death penalty is a violent practice, and does not accord justice to either the accused or the offended. However, murder is also a violent act, and he who commits it is violent. Thus, it is only fair that he should expect an equally violent punishment like a death penalty. Others argue that it is more expensive to kill a person than to put him in a jail.

Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cancer - Research Paper Example They are able to move about at will through the body. Cancer cells can also divide faster than normal healthy cells, then becoming able of causing tumors. Pancreatic cancer, just as the name suggests, effects the pancreas, which then effects the rest of the abdominal region, including the digestive system. Unlike other cancers, pancreatic cancer tends to spread faster, which is why is is seldom discovered during its early stages; once the cancer forms, there is only a short amount of time between the early stages and the advance stages (Evans 83). Due to its rapid spreading, signs and symptoms of the cancer do not always appear right away, making pancreatic cancer one of the cancers with the greatest death rate. There is no known cause to pancreatic cancer. The cancer forms when cells in the pancreas develop genetic mutations. Once the cells have developed mutations, they grow at a rapid, uncontrollable rate. Instead of dying off as a normal cell would, these mutated cells continue t o live in the body. As they continue to multiply and grow, the assembled cancer cells can then develop a tumor on the pancreas. To diagnose an individual with pancreatic cancer, ultrasounds are usually the first method undergone, as this can detect whether or not tumors have begun to form on the pancreas.

Survey On Different Energy Harvesting Methods

Survey On Different Energy Harvesting Methods Mubashir Hussain, Sami-Ur-Rehman Khan Telecommunication Engineering Dept FEST, Iqra University Main Campus Karachi, Pakistan Abstract This paper serves as a survey on energy harvesting from different sources and their methods presented after a brief literature review of different technical papers available in the public domain. The Process of extracting energy from our surroundings is known as energy harvesting. The energy harvesting got its origins from the water wheels and windmills. Energy can be scavenged from sources around us like, light, water, wind, heat, radio waves, mechanical vibrations etc. In the present age we need more reliable, low cost and efficient power sources for our systems. The new systems require less energy and give out great output similarly the sources are supposed to be more efficient and effective, in this paper we have presented that how the energy which is presently wasted around us due to radiations, friction or reflection can be scavenged to make them useful of our everyday use. Keywords: Energy Harvesting Networks, Different Energy Harvesting Sources, Methods for Energy Harvesting Introduction Conventional batteries are not always beneficial as they require human involvement for replacing batteries. Hence, require electrical power to make these devices functional. Therefore, consideration of alternate type of energy source to traditional batteries is required. The electrical power is required to operate these devices can be obtained by converting the light, mechanical or thermal energies available in the ambient environment. This conversion of energy available in ambient environment can produce unlimited energy for the lifetime of the electronic device. This process of extracting energy from the ambient environment and converting them into consumable electric energy is known as Energy Harvesting. Typical energies available in ambient environment are mechanical energy, solar energy, RF energy and thermal energy. Since, it is proven to be an efficient alternative to give lifelong electrical power to electronic devices, there is an increasingly volume carried out on energy ha rvesting, these days [1-10, 22-28]. Energy harvesting sources can be utilized to maximize the ability and lifetime of the devices by augmenting the usage of battery [18-20]. Electrical devices switched on by energy harvesters can be utilized to give important information on structural and operational circumstances through positioning them in unapproachable whereabouts [21]. Different Sources Used for Energy Harvesting The categorization of energy harvesting can be done on the basis of the types of energy being used to harvest energy, available in ambient environment, into electrical energy. The different yet widely used sources for energy harvesting are photovoltaic cells, thermoelectric generators, wind turbines, and mechanical vibration devices such as electromagnetic devices and piezoelectric devices [11]. Table I highlights some of the energy harvesting sources with their power generation capability [12]. Table I: Energy Harvesting Sources [12] Mechanical Vibration When a device vibrates, an inertial mass can be utilized to generate movement. This vibrational movement can then be converted into electrical energy using 3 mechanisms including piezoelectric, electrostatic and electromagnetic. Energy used here is mechanical energy. Electrostatic Energy Harvesting This type of energy harvesting mainly depends on the varying capacitance of vibration-dependent varactors (variable capacitors). Vibration causes the separation between plates of an initially charged varactor, which causes mechanical energy to be converted in electrical energy. Electrostatic generators are simple mechanical devices that produce electricity by using manual or mechanical power [13]. Roundy, et al. [31] define the categorization of the electrostatic generators into three main classes namely: in-plane, in-plane gap closing and out-of-plane gap closing, and overlap. The different electrostatic generators under the three distinguished classes are debated in various papers. Piezoelectric Materials These are the materials that convert mechanical energy, produced by applying force, pressure or vibrations, into electrical energy. These materials are able to generate electrical charge when mechanical load is applied on them. This property of piezoelectric materials is considered by the researchers to develop various piezoelectric harvesters in order to power different applications [14, 15]. The very first example of extracting electrical energy from piezoelectric materials is from the collision of leaving steel ball bearing on piezoelectric transducer [29]. 3.3 Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Electromagnetic energy harvesting can be attained by principles of electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction can be described as the method of generating voltages in an electric conductor by varying the magnetic field around it. One of the most effective ways of producing electromagnetic induction for energy harvesting is with the help of permanent magnets, a coil and a resonating cantilever beam [8]. Electromagnetic induction gives the benefit of better mechanical damping and reliability as there will not be any mechanical intercourse between any parts; therefore, no distinct voltage source is needed [30]. Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic cells are the devices that transform light energy into electrical energy. The form of energy harnessed is typically light energy usually received from sunlight. Usage of photovoltaic cells would be effective and efficient at places where the availability of light is guaranteed and usage of batteries and other means of power supply are not feasible or expensive. While designing sources which harvest solar energy, constituents such as accessibility of day light, periods of smoggy cloud and snow cover, effects of operation at higher latitudes, functionalities of the photovoltaic cell used, the strength of the incident light, power supply needs are to be considered [9, 16]. Thermoelectric Generators Thermoelectric generators work on the principle of thermoelectricity to generate the required electrical energy. The phenomena of generating electric current with a temperature difference and vice-versa can be named as thermoelectricity. The thermal energy here is harvested to get electrical energy to power-up electronic devices. These devices are mostly used in space and terrestrial applications. Solid-state thermoelectric generators are considered to have long life, low maintenance and high reliability. However, their usage is limited because of their low energy conversion efficiency and high costs [17]. Microwaves Energy Harvesting Recently, researchers have designed a device that is converting the lost microwaves, generated from Wi-Fi, into electrical energy. The lost microwaves are converted into electrical energy using metamaterials. Metamaterials Literature Review As we know that in today’s world, energy crisis is one of the biggest issues as the demand of energy is increasing day by day and the supply is not enough to facilitate everyone. In such shortfall of energy supply and high demand for consumption, energy harvesting is truly a magnificent approach to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Using energy harvesting networks, we can harvest the ambient energy available in surrounding such as light, heat, electromagnetic and mechanical energy and can convert them into useful energy. Though, the amount of energy being produced by energy harvesting network is low, however, it can still be used to power small and portable electronic devices including our cellular phones –one of the most important devices used for communicating, all around the world. As the researchers are doing extensive research in this field to discover new techniques to produce more and more energy from energy harvesting networks, it seems that, in coming w orld, energy harvesters would be fulfilling more than 50% of our energy requirements. The rapid demand of energy harvesting modules can be observed by the given graph over certain period of time. Key Findings Due to rapidly increasing demand of energy, it is observed that the traditional energy producing networks are not efficient enough to facilitate everyone and people are now looking for alternatives to overcome the shortfall of energy. When it comes to find alternatives of traditional energy-producing networks, energy harvesting networks are on top of the list. Energy harvesting networks are the most efficient yet low cost energy producing devices that harvest the energy available in environment and convert them into electrical energy to power up electrical devices. Previously, solar energy and mechanical energy were two of the main and only known sources that were being used to generate energy. However, after the continuous hard work and research in this field, researchers have introduced such energy harvesting networks that can harvest electromagnetic waves, as well as radio waves into electrical energy to produce energy. The recent Wi-Fi energy harvesting network developed by the s tudents of Duke University, England, can produce electrical energy up to 3.7 volts that is equivalent to the average electrical energy produced by USB –we use to charge our gadgets. Therefore, it can be said that energy harvesting networks are the only best alternatives to traditional energy producing networks to overcome the shortfall of the energy in today’s and upcoming world. Open Areas Recently, researchers have designed a device that is converting the lost microwaves, generated from Wi-Fi, into electrical energy. The lost microwaves are converted into electrical energy using metamaterials. Metamaterials are composite materials having a structure that exhibits such properties that cannot be found, usually, in natural materials, especially the property of having negative refractive index. Metamaterials are capable to capture different forms of wave’s energy and tune them into useful applications. There is no doubt at all that energy harvesting of electromagnetic and other radio waves is the future of energy harvesting networks as they are most commonly founded waves in our today’s tech-world environment –as our communication is mainly done via electromagnetic and radio waves and it would be keep going in future too. So, the Electromagnetic energy harvesting networks would be helping the people, in coming world, to power up their devices for free, anywhere, anytime, wirelessly. Conclusion Harvesting energy from the ambient environment is being considered as a valuable alternate to replace the existing power supplies for energy constraint embedded systems. Especially, the latest research done on energy harvesting of microwaves, radiated from Wi-Fi mainly, has enlightened a new hope among the researchers to identify such energy harvesting methods that can raise the amount of power generated using the power harvesters. These methods would be going to assist in placing the energy harvesters as one of the best power sources for portable power devices in the field of wireless technology. References [1] Amirtharajah R and Chandrakasan A P, â€Å"Self-powered low power signal processing,† IEEE Symposium, VLSI Circuits, Digest of Technical Papers, 1997, pp 25–26. [2] Amirtharajah R and Chandrakasan A P, â€Å"Self-powered signal processing using vibration-based power generation,† IEEE Journal of Solid-Stage Circuits, v 33 n 5, May 1998, pp 687–695. [3] Arakawa Y, Suzuki Y and Kasagi N, â€Å"Micro seismic power generator using electrets polymer film,† Power MEMS Conference, Kyoto, Japan, 2004, pp 187–190. [4] Atwood B, Warneke B and Pister K S J, â€Å"Preliminary circuits for Smart Dust,† Proceedings of Southwest Symposium, Mixed-Signal Design, 2000, pp. 87–92. [5] Cavallier B, Nouira H, Foltete E, Hirsinger L and Ballandras S, â€Å"Energy storage capacity of vibrating structure: application to a shock system,† Proceedings of Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS/ MOEMS DTIP0, Montreux, Switzerland, 2005, pp 391–393. [6] Bayrashev A, Robbins W P and Ziaie B, â€Å"Low frequency wireless powering of micro-systems using piezoelectric magnetostrictive laminate composites,† Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2004, v 114, pp 244-249. [7] Beeby S P, Tudor M J, Koukharenko E, White N M, O’Donnell T, Saha C, Kulkarni S and Roy S, â€Å"Micromachined silicon generator for harvesting power from vibration,† Proceedings of Transducers, Seoul, Korea, 2005, pp 780–783. [8] Beeby S P, Tudor M J and White N M, â€Å"Energy harvesting vibration sources for Microsystems applications,† Journal of Measurement Science and Technology, 2006, v 17, pp 175-195. [9] Callaway, Jr and Edgar H, Wireless Sensor Networks, Boca Raton, Florida: Auerbach Publications, CRC Press LLC, 2004. [10] Cavallier B, Berthelot P, Nouira H, Foltà ªte E, Hirsinger L and Ballandras S, â€Å"Energy harvesting using vibrating structures excited by shock,† IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 2005. [11] Park G, Farrar C R, Todd M D, Hodgkiss W and Rosing T, â€Å"Energy Harvesting for Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Networks,† Technical Report, Los Alamos National Laboratories, LA, February 2007. [12] Atwood B, Warneke B and Pister K S J, â€Å"Smart Dust mote forerunners,† Proceedings of 14th Annual International Conference on Microelectromechanical Sytsems, 2001, pp 357–360. [13] Peano F and Tambosso T, â€Å"Design and optimisation of a MEMS electrets-based capacitive energy scavenger,† Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 2005, v 14, pp 435–529. [14] White N M, Glynne-Jones P and Beeby S, â€Å"A novel thick-film piezoelectric micro-generator,† Smart Material Structures, August 2001, v 10, pp 850–852. [15] Williams C B and Yates R B, â€Å"Analysis of a micro-electric generator for microsystems,† in Proceedings of Solid-State Sensors and Actuator and in Eurosensors IX. Transducers, 1995, v 1, pp 369–372. [16] Raghunathan V, Kansal A, Hsu J, Friedman J and Srivastava M, â€Å"Design Considerations for Solar Energy Harvesting Wireless Embedded Systems,† Fourth IEEE/ACM International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, April 2005. [17] Fleurial J P, Snyder G J, Herman J A, Smart M, and Shakkottai P, Giauque P H and Nicolet M A, â€Å"Miniaturized thermoelectric power sources,† Intersorie Energy Conversion [18] Kansal A and Srivastava M B, â€Å"An Environmental Energy harvesting framework for Sensor Networks,† Proceedings of International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED ’03). ACM Press, 2003, pp 481-486. [19] Kansal A, Potter D and Srivastava M B, â€Å"Performance Aware asking for Environmentally Powered Sensor Networks,† Proceedings on the Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems in Joint International Conference, ACM Press, 2004, pp. 223–234. [20] Kansal A and Srivastava M B, â€Å"Distributed Energy Harvesting for Energy Neutral Sensor Networks,† IEEE Pervasive Computing, v 4, January-March 2005. [21] Park G, Farrar C R, Todd M D, Hodgkiss W and Rosing T, â€Å"Energy Harvesting for Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Networks,† Technical Report, Los Alamos National Laboratories, LA, February 2007. [22] Sodano H A, Inman D J, and Park G., â€Å"A Review of Power Harvesting from Vibration Using Piezoelectric Materials,† The Shock and Vibration Digest, 2004, v 36, pp. 197–205. [23] Sodano H A, Inman D J and Park G, â€Å"Comparison of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices for Recharging Batteries,† Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures. 2005, v 16, pp 799-807. [24] Sodano H A, Simmers G E, Dereux R, and Inman D J, â€Å"Recharging Batteries using Energy Harvested from Thermal Gradients,† Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, January 1, 2007, v 18, pp 3 10. [25] Sterken T, Baert K, Puers R and Borghs S â€Å"Power extraction from ambient vibration,† Proceedings of 3rd Workshop on Semiconductor Sensors and Actuators, November 2002, pp 680–683. [26] Sterken T, Fiorini P, Baert K, Borghs G and Puers R, â€Å"Novel design and fabrication of a MEMS electrostatic vibration scavenger,† Power MEMS Conference, Kyoto, Japan, 2004, pp 18–21. [27] Staley M E and Flatau A B, â€Å"Characterization of energy harvesting potential of Terfenol-D and Galfenol,† Proceedings of SPIE, 2005, pp 630-640. [28] Tashiro R, Kabei N, Katayama K, Tsuboi F and Tsuchiya K, â€Å"Development of an electrostatic generator for a cardiac pacemaker that harnesses the ventricular wall motion,† Journal on Artifcial Organs, 2002, pp 239–245. [29] Umeda M, Nakamura K and Ueha S, â€Å"Analysis of the transformation of mechanical impact energy to electric energy using piezoelectric vibrator,† Japan, Journal of Applied Physics, 1996, v 35, pp 3267–3273. [30] Roundy S J, â€Å"Energy Scavenging for Wireless Sensor Nodes with a Focus on Vibration to Electricity Conversion,† Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 2003. [31] Roundy S, Wright P and Pister K, â€Å"Micro-electrostatic vibration-to-electricity converters,† Proceedings, IMECE, 2002, pp 1–10.

Educational Administration and leadership

These are the most salient problems that the superintendent faces in her new job. (i) Complacency This is the general contentment with the state of affairs in the district system. In my opinion this is most salient of the problems since it presents a culture that has taken time to develop. Its effects are that the stakeholders fail to see their vulnerabilities and do not see the need to change. This culture is deeply ingrained in Harmony district such that any effort to bring change will definitely be resisted and this is not something that’s going to be resolved easily. As it is a mind that has learnt to think in a certain pattern will not easily be taught otherwise. The areas of complacency include: Non-compliance with the teaching evaluation program – The school district management team, teachers and parents have gotten used to not complying with these rules and it will take firm action to ensure compliance. (ii) Inequities – racial and poverty segregation This presents a special problem to the improvement of the district school system. This is a major obstacle not just to the school system but to the development of the entire region. The effects segregation are deep rooted and not easily resolved. Segregation is a social evil that requires diligent and patient campaign. It adversely affects the education system because when a school is economically segregated and under funded it affects the spending and consequently the quality of a school. This in turn affects the performance. (iii) Personnel This is a countrywide problem. The majority of teachers are old and waiting for the age to retire. This means that they are not so keen on utilizing the modern methods of teaching. Their teaching style is out-dated and is not relevant to today’s changing world. They do not prepare their students to be adequately prepared for the challenges of today’s world. The superintendent has to ensure that the state mandate is followed and that teaching models used prepare students adequately. This problem is not very easy to resolve since the superintendent cannot hire or retire teachers. However one of the actions will be to ensure that the state mandate is complied with and all teachers evaluated regularly. The teaching models have to be up to date and should take into account the changing role of education in today’s world. iv) Financial mismanagement This is a form of corruption and the problem with any form of corruption is that those who practice it will always fight back any efforts to stop them. However this problem is put as the fourth priority because it’s slightly easier to resolve. These are always laid down procedures in all financial undertakings and the superintendent will have to ensure transparency and accountability by for instance putting in place an independent audit committee that will look into the books of accounts and ensure that no funds are misappropriated. The superintendent will ensure that financial regulations that concern the school system are followed. An audit committee will also be formed to examine all the books of accounts. Another strategy is will be ensuring that the responsibility of overseeing the budgeting and appropriation of funds does not lie on an individual/person but on a board to take care of this important responsibility. (v) Lack of support from assistants The 3 associates’ superintendents have openly disclosed their diverted interests. The fact that they didn’t get the coveted position makes them not be the best working mates. Their support willingly given would go a long way in ensuring the success of the changes that need to be made. Without it the superintendent’s job becomes more challenging. (vi) Low level of education among parents Parents who have not attended college are less likely to encourage their children to seek further education in colleges. This has led to the small number of students furthering their education after high school and to some extent the low population of students attending high school in the district. (vii) Indiscipline Scholl indiscipline is reported in the schools closest to the metropolitan centre. This is a thorny issue that needs to be urgently addressed since the potential of disrupting learning and aversely affected performance. Solutions Complacency This problem will take a lot of firmness and strength of will on the part of the superintendent. It is not going to be easy to inspire change to the people especially with the three associate superintendents not promising any support. However it can be done through the following steps: – †¢ Laying down the problem of pointing the vision for the future. †¢ Ensuring proper and effective communication with the stakeholders. This will ensure that people own the process or at least understanding why the changes must be made. †¢ Taking firm action in areas of complacency. Ensure that areas are non-compliance with the state mandate and so forth. Personnel This is a countrywide problem. The majority of teachers are old and waiting for the age to retire. This means that they are not so keen on utilizing the modern methods of teaching. Their teaching style is out-dated and is not relevant to today’s changing world. They do not prepare their students to be adequately prepared for the challenges of today’s world. The superintendent has to ensure that the state mandate is followed and that teaching models used prepare students adequately. This problem is not very easy to resolve since the superintendent cannot hire or retire teachers. However one of the actions will be to ensure that the state mandate is complied with and all teachers evaluated regularly. The teaching models have to be up to date and should take into account the changing role of education in today’s world. Financial mismanagement This is a form of corruption and the problem with any form of corruption is that those who practice it will always fight back any efforts to stop them. However this problem is put as the fourth priority because it’s slightly easier to resolve. These are always laid down procedures in all financial undertakings and the superintendent will have to ensure transparency and accountability by for instance putting in place an independent audit committee that will look into the books of accounts and ensure that no funds are misappropriated. The superintendent will ensure that financial regulations that concern the school system are followed. An audit committee will also be formed to examine all the books of accounts. Another strategy is will be ensuring that the responsibility of overseeing the budgeting and appropriation of funds doesn’t lie on an individual/ person but forms are board to take care of this important responsibility. QUESTION 2 (i) One of the first personnel decisions the superintendent will make will be to increase the number of staff at the professional development office. This is from understanding that this office plays a crucial role in the district. It is the office charged with the responsibility of managing the school district’s teacher evaluation system. Currently teacher evaluation has not been happening in accordance to the state mandate. One staff member is not able to accomplish all that needs to be done. This office is also charged with the responsibility of giving assistance and support to new teachers. The fact that this office has not been functional in the last many years has affected the orientation process for the new teachers in the district. Having nowhere to turn to they now seek help from principals and other experienced teachers within their schools. These principals and teachers may be too busy or may not be objective in their giving of assistance. This has led to new teachers not being properly oriented. This will in turn affect their future work. Again this department will make it possible to motivate and boost the morale of the new teachers. (ii) Initiate comprehensive staff development program This program will be designed with the view of training teachers and will incorporate improvement plans. The time for planning will be set out in the program and the teachers being trained will be exempted from their normal responsibilities. The superintendent will recommend to the district board the adoption of performance pay policy for school principals who show remarkable performance. This will serve to encourage principals to spur the teacher within their schools to work even harder with their students so that they may improve their performance. This is in accordance to the human resource concept of giving incentives to outstanding performance in order to motivate them. Question 3. A curriculum philosophy refers to a set of values, beliefs and ideologies that guide educational administrators in the execution of their day to day duties. The numerous challenges facing Harmony District School system calls for a superintendent with a focused mind, one who is able to dissect through the problems of the school system and thereafter offer long lasting solutions to the inequities rampant in the area, the lax educational administrators , the dysfunctional teacher support services as well as the dismal performance of the schools , the increasingly agitated parents, the ignorant the ignorant and unsupportive parents all require a superintendent with a strong philosophy. A strong and reproducible curriculum philosophy is not only a guide to the superintendent but also serves as guidance to the whole district school system in dealing with the existing challenges and issues. The superintendent will have to borrow from similar cases in other systems especially from where they are transferring from. Additionally, the superintendent will rely heavily on the almost 30years field experience to deal with the staff as well as the parent body which clearly are not functioning in a manner likely to yield into a synergetic effect. Performance is the greatest challenge for the incoming superintendent. The statistics clearly point to a scenario whereby only very few students make it to the grade level. A comparative. As the new superintendent, the following curriculum if followed would result in the school system regaining new strengths and therefore uplifting the school performance. By emphasizing on non-compromise to quality, the superintendent will ensure that through better management staff, and especially then 253 veterans will use traditional instructional methods and have gone un-inspected for 5 years are inspected and such incidences do not recur in future. Usually such occurrences are caused by laxity on the part of the associate superintendents as well as the superintendent. If such a problem occurs at the superintendent’s office, this can only mean that matters are worse off in the schools. This has a bearing on the motivation of teachers as well as of the students and therefore performance is affected. Specifically, to bring the poor performing schools in the north area feeder system would simply require; adherence to state mandate on inspection and evaluation, addressing the inequality issues such as resources, enough teachers and enough administrators. Integration as a curriculum philosophy calls for amalgamation of the school system into the needs of the students and parents with an aim of ensuring that the schools provide and impart self sustaining education. By achieving the above, the superintendent is able to save the whole school system. The involvement of the local community in all of the above measures is of core importance in that the community is a big stake holder of the school and therefore all measures must get the approval of the community in the sense that it is the community that naturally should benefit from the school system. Currently that is not the case because the school system has ceased to adhere to state mandate rules and regulations. 4) You are to assume that Harmony School District is in a state with precisely the same laws as yours. You are concerned that the student performance data is evidence of inequities in the system and you are concerned that the school district has become complacent with these inequities. What problems presented in this case are related to issues of power and domination? Harmony school district must be made to deal with the rampant cases of inequities. The worst thing is the fact that this inequities currently happening do happen under the watch of the law enforcers. The superintendent is mandated to oversee the whole school system in the district. The law has to some degree protected the marginalized communities from discrimination and unfair treatment but at the same time it has failed to freely address the problem which studies have shown as a major contributor to poor performance in some schools in the Harmony school district. The above mentioned problems can only be addressed through the implementation of the state laws regarding education and which calls for and guarantees equal opportunities in the school system regardless of ones racial background. Although the law has been in place for decades it is evident that, it has not dealt and addresses the problems conclusively and effectively. Therefore there is a need for a more concerted effort towards the protection of the minority groups especially in the African-American community whose entry to grade – level is pathetic and wanting. The other legislation which needs urgent review is the school administration Act which calls for all education officials to be vigilant in making sure that the laxity observed in the school system for the past 5 years is done away with. Specifically, the following issues need urgent attention from the superintendent; Resource allocation is another issue, the fact that there is only one professional development staff is an indicator of neglected and dysfunctional school system. This can only be referred to as lack o human resource and it is a pointer to inequality in the resource distribution in the Harmony schools districts. The fact that, the schools have not had, their classroom buildings repaired for the past 5 years is a further testimony that the system is fully mismanaged and there is inequity in resource allocation. There is a need for equitable resource allocation from the state education department with an aim of ensuring that all schools no matter their locations or the social class have access to equal and adequate learning facilities including all necessary resources such as teachers, staff and materials. Without equitable resource distribution the pertinent issues of poor performance as well as other challenges facing the school system shall continue to haunt the school system and the superintendent in charge. Therefore the funding of the schools in the country need to be looked at afresh with an aim of helping out places like Harmony schools districts which is facing unprecedented challenges. The numerous sit-ins by parents is something which the superintendent needs to be wary about mainly because the trend may lead to general disturbances in the schools further affecting performance. This becomes a reality due to the fact that, if the parents are taking part in sit-ins or strikes then the children may take after them and the situation may further complicates an already complicated situation. The issue of power and domination is evident in the school system. The fact that, the white students perform better than others from other backgrounds is a pointer of power wars in the schools which may imply a dominance by children from well to do parents. Dominance is also evident in the way the parents who work in the nearby town in professional jobs are more active in the affairs of the school and even have seconded representatives to board meetings. This is an indicator that, the above are advantages as compared to their colleagues who do blue-color jobs who do not actively participate in the day to day running o the schools. Finally this is reflected in the performance of students therefore resulting into inequities.

Dark Dreams Essay

In the novel Dark Dreams page 47 â€Å"The Waves to Freedom: The Story of Nga-Huynh Diep† (by Gracia Diep, aged 15), it tell us how the Vietnamese were treated. It says that the communist parties were to come and strip away everything that was precious in Vietnam from its people. The Vietnamese were forced to live without any freedom either under the tough supervision of the communist party or in a re-education camp. It also says that the only happiness these people have was hope of escaping the country to have another chance at freedom in another land. In this story Nga-Huynh’s family risked their lives to escape Vietnam and she was only twenty-one years of age. They went through an emotional and a painful journey. The only way to travel to Australia was by boat and they had to follow the smugglers. The smugglers not only let her family travel by boat but also other families as well. So it was risky. The boat may sink and they will run out of food. Nga-Huynh sacrificed a lot for a chance at freedom and has come out maintaining her strong character. It says that the experiences of her escape from Vietnam haven’t weakened her they have made her into an even stronger person. Anyways she is now happily married, working woman with two daughters. She also lives in Melbourne and has found life in Australia very pleasant and would even call it her â€Å"home. † However she would like to go back to Vietnam and see what has happened to the country since she left it in 1979.

Essay about Euthanasia - 1510 Words

Introduction Euthanasia continues to be a subject of ethical debate. It is defined as the administration of lethal drugs by someone other than the person concerned with the explicit intention of ending a patient’s life, at the latter’s explicit request (Quaghebeur, de Casterle, Gastmans, 2009). An unprecedented number of people in the United States today live well into their late adult years. Improved medical and public health practices, increasing life expectancies, and the â€Å"graying† of the baby boom generation have all contributed to this phenomenon (Moulton, Hill, Burdette, 2006). Euthanasia has been and always will be a topic of debate in the United States because Americans are living longer. Oregon, Washington, and Montana†¦show more content†¦Research Question and Thesis The purpose of this research is to examine euthanasia. The physician behind such a controversial topic and the variety of religious beliefs compared. In my opinion I believe someone’s life is in God’s hands. I’m not so sure how I would feel if I was approached by a loved one who was suffering with a terminal disease and I was asked to assist in ending their life. Key Terms Euthanasia is the intentional administration of lethal drugs in order to terminate painlessly the life of a patient suffering from an incurable condition deemed unbearable. Voluntary euthanasia is the intentional administration of lethal drugs in order to terminate painlessly the life of a patient suffering from an incurable condition deemed unbearable by the patient, at the patient’s request. Non-voluntary euthanasia is the intentional administration of lethal drugs in order to terminate painlessly the life of a patient suffering from an incurable condition deemed unbearable, not at this patient’s request. Physician assisted suicide is a physician intentionally assisting a patient, at this patient’s request, to terminate his or her life. Dr. Jack Kevorkian Dr. Jack Kevorkian is an Armenian-American pathologist who served in the Army in the Korean War. He was also known as Doctor Death. Dr. Kevorkian once stated â€Å"My aim in helping the patient was not to cause death. My aim was to end suffering. It’s got to be decriminalized.† Dr.Show MoreRelatedEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Euthanasia863 Words   |  4 PagesThis is why Euthanasia is important and summarizing the research that I found on Euthanasia. Euthanasia is important because there is a lot of arguments about Euthanasia. Some people support it and some people do not support Euthanasia (Euthanasia and assisted suicide- Arguments). Euthanasia allows people to be free from physical pain. It is the hastening of death of a patient to prevent further sufferings (Euthanasia Revisited). The religious argument states God chooses when human life ends. EuthanasiaRead MoreEuthanasia Essays : Euthanasia And Euthanasia1432 Words   |  6 PagesDoe s euthanasia assists patients to die with dignity? From fresh to dying, is the humanity multiplies the development natural law. Along with medicine progress and life enhancement, the people besides pay attention to eugenics, simultaneous starts to pay attention to the euthanasia. Since this century 50 ages, regarding euthanasia, many countries’ medical arenas, educational world, and ethical groups have been arguing about the euthanasia argument for many years, although many person of ideas haveRead MoreThe Debate Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia1429 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION: The debate of euthanasia is an ongoing one that’s shrouded with much controversy and ambiguity regarding the ethics of it in contemporary Australian society. However, the frequency of this topic being debated by physicians, influential figures and the media has become more prominent now than ever. In particular, in association with its impending legislation within Australian states. (The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists,2012) Various types of euthanasia are recognised,Read MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Euthanasia Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages Euthanasia James Dudley Euthanasia continues to be an ongoing issue in modern society. Over the course of history, there has been a multitude of debates that have tried to justify assisted suicide, or euthanasia. Gallup’s study in 2013 openly shows this statistic by showing that over 75 percent of Americans trust that euthanasia should be acceptable. However, what Americans don’t comprehend is that making any form of euthanasia legal infringes upon the right to life as stated in the constitutionRead MoreThe Issue Of Euthanasia And Euthanasia2073 Words   |  9 Pageslife is beyond toleration or they feel as though there is no point to living, the issue of euthanasia often arises. Euthanasia is technically defined as â€Å"the act or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering†. In america people have the right to end their life. The topic of euthanasia is one that is highly disputed among people over the world.† Euthanasia means killing someone who is very sick to prevent more suffering† (Weaver 1). An example ofRead MoreEuthanasi Euthanasia And Euthanasia1515 Words   |  7 Pagesetymology of the word ‘euthanasia’ originates from the Greek language which has a literal meaning of â€Å"good death†. Other names for euthanasia are ‘assisted suicide’ and ‘mercy killing’. Euthanasia is done when the person is suffering from a terminal illness such as cancer, and then steps are taken to end the person’s life so that they no longer have to suffer. [Helga Kuhse. July 1992. Bioethics News. The World Federation of Right to Die Societies. http://www.worldrtd.net/euthanasia-fact-sheet. AccessedRead MoreEuthanasia And The Death Of Euthanasia1351 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the dying who request euthanasia to be able to end their suffering. Euthanasia is con sidered a â€Å"gentle and easy death† because it comes from the Greek words, Eu meaning good and Thanatosis meaning death. Euthanasia is illegal in most of the United States. However, assisted suicide, is legal in six different states. The states that assisted suicide is legal in are California, Oregon, Colorado, Washington DC, Vermont and Washington. The key difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide is whoRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : The Euthanasia989 Words   |  4 Pagesthe euthanasia process and what to expect. The euthanasia can take place in the privacy of your own home or you may choose to have it done at your veterinarian’s office. Your veterinarian may offer at home euthanasia or you may be able to locate a veterinary service that does at home euthanasia such as Home To Heaven. This is a personal choice and should be made with you and your pet’s comfort in mind. Additionally, you may want to decide if you wish to be present during the eu thanasia. SomeRead MoreEuthanasi Euthanasia And Euthanasia861 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia, the practice of medically terminating life in order to relieve pain and suffering of a patient, has been a complex and controversial topic since its conception. In ancient Greece and Rome attitudes toward active euthanasia, and suicide had tended to be tolerant. However, the rise of the Christian faith reinforced the views of the Hippocratic Oath, a swearing of ethical conduct historically taken by physicians. This shift concluded a medical consensus in opposition of euthanasia. IssuesRead MoreThe Debate About Euthanasia And Euthanasia1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe debates about euthanasia date all the way back to the 12th century. During this time, Christian values increased the public’s opinion against euthanasia. The church taught its followers that euthanasia not only injured individual people and their communities, but also violated God’s authority over life. This idea spread far and wide throughout the public until the 18th century when the renaissance and reformation writers attacked the church and its teachings. However, the public did not pay much